Introduction:
The term wildlife refers to all the organism including plants and animals which are not domesticated by human.As the domesticated plants and animals is being a part human social life with aesthetic, religious and food values along with this economy and spiritual values are also inculcate with them like that the wildlife is also a integral part in our ecological environment.
To have a proper balance of environment we should have the well blueprint to conserve and manage the wildlife along with our pet ones or domesticated varieties.So it is very much crucial factors for our livelihood too,and here the words come to scene for saving wildlife as ‘Wildlife Conservation and Management’.
Values Of Wildlife:
As we discussed earlier in introduction part, wildlife has both extrinsic and intrinsic values.Extrinsic in the sense values which primarily benifit the human in physical way like livelihood through economy and food for survival ,for self sustainability and intrinsic in the sense of ethical practices to intact the human with their aesthetic moral values and religious belief that they have for some wild animals and plants.
The function of wildlife management is to satisfy the social values i.e both postive and negative by assigned the wildlife resources as holistic benifits.
a) Postive Values:
i) It has recreational values i.e sue to the wildlife the ecological balance is maintained properly and which restrict the loss of the community;which depends upon another community.
ii) Wildlife has aesthetic values, attractiveness and symbolic significance, aesthetic merit and beauty which have certain meaning.
iii) On the basis of educational aptitude,focus on wildlife,no personal involvement, conceptual understanding of species interactions.Focus on diversity of species(not individual).
iv) On biological perspectives- strong attachment for individual animals (pets).Animal is subhuman.Affectiona and companionship.
Ethical treatment of animals,strong opposition to inflicting pain ,harm or suffering of animals.Animals have rights,most basic is to exist.
v) Commercial purposes- wildlife can be used as practical and material values of animals.Usefulness to society.
vi) Historical Values- wildlife helps us to describe the moral value of its conservation i.e different types of animals are very much strong attachment with the society since the ancient life of human.
b) Negative Values:
i) There is dislike and fear of animals due to their threatened activities in some unnaturalistic condition.
ii) It has passive indifferent.Emotional separation from animals.
Conservation Ethics:
For livelihood it is necessary to be workable or getting benifits from anywhere else,for human they utilise their environment and get the benifits from physical environment in the form of food,shelter by utilising plants and animals products.Like that wildlife also utilise their environment to get their livelihood in accordance with their natural way.
Humanbeing is the intelligent social animal on earth and he utilise the wildlife for their betterment or profit.It can’t be say that for every purpose or by our own wish we can hurt or get benifit from wildlife because this thought process may harm to them,if we consider that all wildlife will be lost and only humanbeing is there on earth,then what will be the situation, therefore some moral values should be follows by humanbeing especially.This led to the conservation of the wildlife for eco-maintenance and sustainable development of life on earth for long time as much as possible through ethical guidelines.
The ethics can be discussed under two point i.e
1) Extensionist Environmental Ethics:
If we consider the intrinsic value of nonhuman it can be say that the traditional moral which link the wildlife with human society and include them as member of human society in moral perspectives.As we recognise the moral bond between parents and children or between friends or partners like that if we extend moral obligation beyond the boundaries of our immediate environment we can found other beings also possess these obligation.
Another criteria that animals possess are some rudimentary behaviour what human possess;for example chimpanzees and gorilas may learned sign language, predators like wolves, lions and tigers have the ability to coordinate hunts,dolphins,whales have send the complex singnal for communication which is now started to understand by oceanographer.
Awareness is another criteria for which the reach of suffering can be measure; though animals and plants are surrounded by their immediate environment,human action act as conflict and the animal suffers ultimately.It is morally wrong in nature and lethal to the ethical guidelines.Extensionist theory think the criteria beyond the humanbeing what animal possess.Conservationist however concerned with conservation of species and ecosystem rather than individual animal.
2) Holistic Environmental Ethics :
Holistic environment ethics focused on all the ecological units as a whole,which includes all level of organism,indivisual, aggregation, relationship and interrelatedness .This type of approach is non-extensionist and non-indivisualistic as this thoery encompasses the criteria where all units are aggregate unlike the extensionist ethics which consider human as centre point and other wildlife are being correlated with human in certain criteria and some specific species were focused other may exaggerated.
This holistic approach is also called as naturalistic or biocentric approach where prior motive is to support preservation of species.More diversification in species helps to balance the environment disturbance in effective way because every species in this world are interconnected and interrelated with each other for their ongoing life process and sustainability.
Importance Of Conservation:
Wildlife conservation is a well organised protection planned whose primary focus is to protect wild species including animals and plants along with their habitat for the use of future generations of humanbeing and to maintain ecological balance.Therfore it is necessary to conserve the wildlife; importance of conservation can be explained by following points:
i) Every species wheather it may be the plants or animals ;it is necessary to protect their habitat because they are interconnected by various foodweb and which ultimately protect the biodiversity.
ii) In agriculture it has a great impact.Different wild varities of plants has disease resistance capacity which on incorporated with domestic varities with the help of genetic engineering the crop production can be increased.
iii) Some wild species are used for medical purposes as a result there is a great opportunity for pharmaceutical industries and genetic engineering.
iv) Due to presence of more species diversity there is an ecological balance in ecosystem in their respective categories which has a great impact on environment.
v) Another profit of conservation is the ecotourism;which play a economical sustainability role for a country.More is the opportunity in ecotourism more will be the revenue income of a country,it trigger the economical status of a country.
Causes Of Depletion:
Depletion of wildlife may occurs due to the various reasons which are as follows:
i) One of the cause of depletion is habitat change through fragmentation.This fragmentation is the process of making the total habitat into patches.Transformation of forest land into farmland and grassland into agriculture are the main reason of this depletion.
ii) Human habitation and industrial development is another cause of depletion.
iii)Incursion or invasion of alien predators into the forest results in increase the rate of predation.Habitat loss directly impact it’s adverse effect on species dispersal as a result there is a increase in risk of predation.
iv) The loss of food also effect the number of wild animals,like tiger and leopard. For example if we restrict the habitat and exploit the wild animals like cattle and other realated species then food supply will be decrease for carnivorous and ultimately animals like tigers and leopards declined.
v) Unauthorised or poorly regulated commercial hunting also one of the main cause of wildlife depletion.
Excellent Job
Tq so much .☺️
Nice article
Thanks
Thank you so much😍
Welcome 👍
It’s really helpful……
Thank you 😊